Optionals
shape
async and await are keywords introduced in Swift 5.5 to simplify writing asynchronous code. These keywords help manage concurrency and make asynchronous programming more readable and less error-prone compared to traditional callback-based methods like closures. @IBOutlet and @IBAction are attributes used in iOS development with UIKit (or SwiftUI in some cases, although the syntax differs). These attributes are used to connect UI elements in Interface Builder (the visual tool within Xcode) to your Swift code, enabling interaction between your user interface (UI) and the logic of your application. struct) are used to create custom data types, but they differ in several key aspects, primarily in how they manage memory, behavior, and mutability. Understanding these differences is crucial for choosing the right type for your application. defer is a powerful control flow statement that allows you to execute a block of code just before the current scope exits, no matter how the scope is exited (whether through normal return, early exit due to an error, or other control flow mechanisms). The purpose of defer is to ensure cleanup code is always executed, even in the face of errors or early exits from functions. map, filter, and reduce are powerful higher-order functions that operate on collections (such as arrays, sets, etc.) and allow you to transform, filter, or combine values in a concise and functional programming style. These functions are commonly used to manipulate data in a functional programming way. let and var are both used to declare variables, but they differ in terms of mutability:- let: This keyword is used to declare constants, meaning the value assigned to the variable cannot be changed after it is set. Once a value is assigned to a let constant, you cannot modify it. This is similar to declaring an immutable reference.